Child's Play, The Citizen, April
2019 Screen Time for Children
Gregory K. Moffatt, Ph.D.
Since I first started this column in 1994, I have written
several times about the amount of time children spend in front of the
television and/or the computer. The data
in the old days was largely based on TV time with some studies looking at
computer screen time. In those days, it
appeared that excessive time in front of the TV or playing video games created
a host of troubles in developing children.
Who could have known back then where we would be today. A lot has changed. In those days, in order to have "screen
time," children had to be in the house in a specific room where a computer
or the television was. Video players in
cars existed, but were fairly uncommon.
Otherwise, "screens" were heavy, immobile objects in a den or
office.
Today, we have had to totally re-define what we even mean by
screen time. This still includes
televisions and computers, but also phones, tablets, laptops, e-readers, and
other portable digital devices. These
devices are almost exclusively portable and be used for almost anything -
movies, television, games, communications, etc., and children are spending more
and more time in front of them.
For example, a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association
(JAMA) showed that the average number of hours that children under two spend in
front of a digital screen went from 1.32 hours in 1997 to 3.05 hours in
2014. And The US National Library of Medicine puts forth that children, on
average, spend over five hours a day in front of some device.
These devices have also changed us as adults. In the years before cell phones, before class
and on breaks, my students would talk to each other.
Now, while my students are waiting on class to start, by far
the majority are looking at their phones and the moment I dismiss class, they
immediately drop their heads to look at their phones. This change has frustrated me and it isn't
just college students. I even see it in
restaurants - whole families with their heads down, each looking at their own
device as if there was no one else around them.
Therefore, we have to ask very different questions today
than we did in 1994 and we can't assume that data derived from studies in the
80s and early 90s are applicable to the devices we have today.
So here is what we know so far. While there are a few studies out there that
indicate screen time has almost no effect on children (see Nature Human Behavior 2018), those studies are rare and those
studies look at "children" as anyone under 18 years of age. Developmental stages matters.
The American Academy
of Pediatrics stated in 2014 that children under 18 months of age should
have zero screen time. The developing wiring
in their brains, known as synapses, are proliferating and this "plasticity"
or pliability makes them vulnerable to damaging effects that doesn't apply to
older children.
A National Institute of Health study shows
changes in children's brains if they consume more than two hours a day of
screen time. This study also showed
these children have lower scores on language measures. In a similar tone, the 2019 JAMA study showed that excessive screen
time is associated with language delays, social delays, obesity, and a general
delay "in meeting developmental milestones at ages 3 and 5."
Obviously, not all screens are the same. I would be delighted for children to spend an
hour or two reading a Kindle. There is
not much difference between a Kindle and a paper book in terms of its
effects.
And, as I've always said, not all programming is the
same. Interactive and engaging
programming (e.g. educational programming) is superior to passive viewing
(cartoons).
You can limit the negative effects of screen time by
limiting the hours on these devices. Like
almost everything, screen time is not inherently bad, but in all things
moderation. So don't be tempted to use
the mobile device as a portable babysitter.
And perhaps we could start with being good models ourselves. Have a "no device" period of the
day or a day of the week with no digital media.
No texting in the car or no phones at the dinner table is another idea.
These sensible limits might allow us to enjoy and take
advantage amazing digital technology and at the same time moderate their
potential negative effects.
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